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----- Original Message ----- From: Richard Zvonar <zvonar@zvonar.com> > found citations for "wolf tones" or "wolf notes" in Benade's > "Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics" and "Horns, Strings, & Harmony" > and in Backus's "The Acoustic Foundations of Music." I have a copy of the Benade book and (although I really haven't read it) I understand what you're talking about now. My appologies for coming down a bit heavy handed. Apparently there's two meanings for this term: http://www.ixpres.com/interval/dict/wolf.htm "wolf an "unusual" interval in a given tuning system and style which is felt not to be freely substitutable for an "expected" variety of the same interval. Sometimes it is asserted that "Wolf" intervals are "unusable" or "unplayable," but this judgment is both contextual and often partial: there are often specific sonorities and usages where these intervals are musically useful even in styles where they are generally considered to be "too out-of-tune" for most purposes." [from Margo Schulter, posting to Tuning Digest # 1597] Kind of criptic...as is a lot of tuning theory (getting real off topic here!). In tunings other than 12 tone equal temperament, such as Pythagorean, mean tone and temperaments, some of the keys far away from the home key have intervals that are described as wolf tones - they're a bit too sharp or flat and they sound nasty. Try it: tune a guitar to an open E chord. Now take one of the B strings and make it little bit sharp. Play it. Ouch. Tune it back to the original B. Play it. Ah. Harmony. Or if you own a synth with a tuning table, try playing a cycle of 5ths in the Pythagorean or Werkmeister settings. Sorry 'bout the misunderstanding. * David Beardsley * http://biink.com * http://mp3.com/davidbeardsley