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From: loop.pool [mailto:looppool@cruzio.com] 'My own intellectual mentor, the late Gregory Bateson, said that because of the inherent binary neurophysiology of the human brain and because of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle that human beings are doomed to create causal maps of reality with our perceptions." [Bare with me here, because I'd like to introduce a topic that I'd like to see applied to looping and free improvisation] This is interesting, Rick. I'm curious to see his elaboration on this, because it isn't self-evident or intuitive to me that the thesis (even though it makes perfect sense to me) follows logically from inherent binary neurophysiology or the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (which is typically only a function of quantum mechanics/physics). These are complex systems of thought, and cranking out that conclusion out requires some explaining and a formal argument. That being said, however, it is very rare that philosophers, scientists, or philosophers of science question the principle that "every event has a cause," part of that causal map you mention, because the entire system of predictability and the principle of induction is based on this principle. German philosopher, Immanuel Kant argued that this statement (the principle of causation) was one of a handful of universal truths, a statement that expresses something about the external world, but is necessarily true by reason alone (as no amount of empirical data can prove the statement because it would require one to observe and record every single instance of every single event having a cause). However, occasionally, someone does question the principle of causation and all that comes along with it. David Hume, on of my favorite and most inspirational 18th century philosophers, who was also the father of modern empiricism, argued that we can't deny or affirm the principle of causation. He denied that reason by itself could not generate truths, and empirical data here is of no use either, based on my prior comment. In short, he argued that we can't have knowledge, and there are no epistemic grounds for the principle of causation, or a system of causal maps for that matter. All sensory data is neutral in this system....no speculation beyond the data is warranted. Moreover, pushing this causal skepticism even further, I read a book several years ago that I thought was absolutely brilliant, which I now think can be applied to free improvisation. The book is "Synchronicity : The Bridge Between Matter and Mind " by David Peat. In this his book he argues, using Jungian philosophy as a springboard, that there are certain events (a set of coincidences) that do not have causes....they are "acausal" in nature. He sites several bizarre example of coincidences, and argues that they are examples of Synchronicity, meaning that they are not caused by any set of events, but are an "unfolding" from a more fundamental substratum in the universe that is neither physical or non-physical....neither matter or mind. Very fascinating indeed positing this third substance. This source of "unfolding" underlies everything. This is definitely NOT a system based on a causal map. It flies in the face of causality, in fact. For instance, causality cannot explain when one identical twin has a pain in his side, and four thousand miles away, the other twin has the same pain simultaneously. Causality cannot explain the principle of "Entanglement" in quantum physics, where two particles can split, one particle changes its state, and the other changes it state simultaneously, regardless of whether the particles are 100 feet or 100 light years away. Fineman himself said that no one understands this concept. It is beyond science and the principle of causation. In any event, what sort if relevance does this type of synchronicity have in the group free improvisation context? Trey Anastasio from Phish once commented in an interview that when Phish improvised, the music did not come "from" from, but "passed through" them. This is the first time I heard someone say this. It is as if we get in this state of mind when improvising in a group setting, and events occur, but it isn't obvious that they are caused by us. Certainly, our fingers and hands are moving and causing the fluctuation of air pressure, but we are talking about something more fundamental here. "Passing through" as in "unfolding"? Not sure, but it's worth some investigation. I'm now entertaining the thought that free improvisation could benefit from Synchronicity, if one can actually harness the principle...which is a whole different matter. I highly recommend this book by Peats. I think I may read it again and attempt to put it into more specific perspective with fee improvisation. Kris