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The first part of this discussion between Andre & Kim (primarily) I'd like to comment on has to do with Kim's assertion that 'a sample and a musician reproducing something' are roughly the same for all intents and purposes, especially if the audience is not sophisticated enough to know the difference. Andre replied (rightly so IMHO) that it should not necessarily be the audience that moves the performer in this case, but rather the call of one's art or craft (more or less - obviously, I'm paraphrasing). However, I'd like to add that maybe the challenge here should be to expand your notion of 'audience'. Personally, I think it's an artistic cop-out of the highest order to present something you know is not the best you can do because you assume the audience just ain't sophisticated enough to know the difference, especially because it may not be true. I've done jazz gigs at dives where there were only a dozen people in the audience and one just happened to be Horace Silver or McCoy Tyner. They were certainly going to be aware of everything that was going on onstage. I did a gig somewhat recently where the sax player leading the band was unaware Herbie Hancock was sitting at the bar and sort of passed it off like it was 'just another gig' until I told him right after Herbie left, at which point he felt pretty embarrassed for not giving it his all. The fact of the matter is, I don't see what's to lose in assuming the best from an audience because unless you get a chance to interview and test everyone you don't really know what they're capable of getting or not. Let's assume every time you perform in public SOMEONE, even if one person, has pretty intimate knowledge of what you're trying to achieve. The performance then becomes an opportunity to rise to the challenge of creating the absolute best you can at the moment, to push yourself to be committed totally to presenting what it is you do with greater clarity because you are confident it's being received with clarity. OK, for the sake of argument let's say the reverse is true - absolutely no one is really informed enough to get the details of what you're doing. What is to gain by making this leap of logic? What do you have to lose by telling yourself otherwise and giving it your all just the same? You are the only one who loses - you've chosen to back down from the challenge because you've chosen to underestimate the intelligence of your audience. In many ways, I believe (naively perhaps) that ultimately we get the audiences we insist on. This is why it's important to sweat the details and give it your all instead of making dubious assumptions about what the audience can and can't perceive. Along those lines, the debate about whether a sample is as 'human' a musical idea as a phrase played in real time. I think it's a matter of intention. I find myself in a funny position here, having passionately defended the use of samples on Miles Davis' late 80's records on the Miles e-mailing list a while back, but I think I can see where a line can be drawn. Miles and Marcus Miller used those to spice up the stew, so to speak, to add some unusual sonic coloring here and there. So does MeShell Ndegeocello, who I adore. In both cases, the samples are not playing the part of ersatz musical substance, since the songs stand quite well without them. Same for Torn's "What Means Solid". In contrast, there was a song on alternative Top-radio about a year ago getting a lot of airplay (sorry, the artist escapes me) where the signature hook was a line sampled from something originally sung by BB King. Now, I consider it one of the primary jobs of pop songwriters to come up with good hooks, but when the one you're counting on is a sample appropriated from another source, it just sounds to me like someone's being really lazy. Sure, maybe you get a lot of airplay one day and maybe a good deal of money but ultimately you know you've taken the easy way out rather than insisting on rising up to the challenge of creating something yourself, and you are the one who will be most hurt creatively by that. Or take MC Hammer - in dance music, groove is everything and he lifted grooves hook, line and sinker from James and Prince, etc. Dare I suggest that there might be a correlation between the longevity of MC Hammer's career as an artist and the amount of creativity he applied to the samples he used? As in the first issue, no laws are broken, no rules violated, everyone is of course free to do whatever the hell they want. But, it's a matter of every artist's conscience to be honest with themselves as to if they are indeed imposing the toughest challenges on themselves or taking the easy way out. It's not important if anyone else knows. It's important that YOU know. As to the 'tyranny of ambient music' or the prospect of 'electronica' taking over, I have to admit to unmoved by the former and skeptical of the latter. I've never liked the idea of ambient music, be it knives and forks clanging along with Satie, music for Brian Eno to ignore while he sits in airports, New Age or Musak playing in the grocery store, what have you. To me it's all essentially trying to achieve the same thing - acknowledging that pure silence doesn't exist as we're surrounded by sounds all the time, it insists on being the context in which you hear everything else around you, which kind of strikes me as irritatingly passive-aggressive. What admittedly little I've heard of the 'electronica' movement strikes me as entirely intellectual instead of visceral. I have yet to hear an electronic dance track that moves me anything close to the way MeShell does, but I remain open-minded and will continue to try to check out some names I see cropping up. But, they certainly have a role in looping and I would welcome some more practitioners of that on the list, as Kim says, to keep things controversial and hopefully interesting. I add this last paragraph not to put down anyone else's tastes or choices, but just to maybe illustrate another range of perspective which is all of course my highly irrational and subjective opinion. Jeez, Burroughs and Fela leave us within a few days. I fear their kind is not being made much anymore... Goodnight, Ken R