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remember, that is my operating definition, based on how I see the words used around me. (not based on what I decided I wanted to be true.) I arrived at that by spending many years thinking about instrument design, observing people playing instruments, and discussing the subject with them. From my perception of things, these are the way the words get used, even though people don't necessarily clarify the meaning. ** still and all, your understanding comes from your perceptions and experiences and i have my own that flavor my concepts. first off, re-read the definition I gave. I didn't say an instrument is a "manipulation of the sound" at all. ** i know, but my point is that is i believe that is what an edp does, i think that you alluded to that elsewhere. I said it is a thing a musician physically manipulates in order to create music. In other words, something you stick your fingers, hands, lips, feet, or other body parts on and physically control in order to make music come out of you. ** i don't really like doing this, as it isn't always helpful and dictionaries are written by lay persons rather than musicians, but one dict. has a definition that is somewhat closer to yours - -and one that is closer to mine . . . (and to be completely literal, it doesn't make the "music come out of you" - - but i understand your point). i think much of it comes down to does it create sound on its own . . . and this is where the proverbial "most" people might join me - - if we were to care about that. Second, your idea that an instrument must make an "original musical sound" is definitely a "can of worms". In fact, so much so that I find it just doesn't work as a definition of "instrument". ** sure, since so many of us use "non-instruments" to make music. You can break it without much effort. It is very easy to give examples of items that people perceive easily as "instruments" yet which don't make any musical sound themselves. ** not always the best arbiter in my view. after all, many people use "its" and "it's" interchangeably - - doesn't mean it's correct. ("its" is the possessive of "it," "it's" is a contraction of "it is.") For example, any midi controller. It produces midi control bytes, not sounds. The midi data may cause sounds to be generated, but are they "original sounds"? Maybe not, maybe they are samples of something else. Maybe the midi data is being recorded into a sequencer without any sound at all. Yet, if you put a group of people in a room and had them watch somebody playing a midi keyboard, they would all refer to the device as an "instrument". ** i follow your logic until you subsitute "keyboard" for "controller" - - since they are very different things, i believe that this example does not work. a midi keyboard does create sound if it is amplified, the controller does not - - it only does that if it's hooked up to something that does create/produce a sound. the other thing is that getting the bytes into the sequencer is more akin to writing notes on a piece of paper than it is to playing sound in air. (still, both are musical activities - - well at least one hopes they are . . . ) ** i should have said that i consider a sample an "original sound" in this case . . . my mistake. and i don't mean "original" to mean "never heard before" . . . rather this is in relation to the idea of what a looping device, such as and edp, or an effects pedal does vis a vis the "original sound." With your definition, you have to jump through all sorts of complex hoops to resolve it with this particular situation. (you can do the opposite case too, conceiving of devices that produce "original musical sounds" but which nobody would normally consider an instrument.) For me, if it is getting that complicated, the definition ain't working because nobody is going through the world sorting out this many things before they speak. On the other hand, "musician puts his hands on object, actively controls it, music results in relation to what he does. therefore object= musical instrument." is really simple and for me seems to easily cover the situations I encounter in the world. ** i think that most of the definitions here would require some hoops . . . even the one you are using. "music resulting," under this definition, could include someone writing on musical notes on paper with a pencil, which are conceivably only "potential music." >that's why i think that some looping devices are more aptly termed >"compositional tools" - - they only put out what you put into them, but >can do all sorts of great things with that sound by creating form, etc. Maybe for you that is true. But that is definitely not how everybody is approaching looping. **right, but what i've heard about andre lf's usage leads me to believe that this is what he is doing. it *is* situational . . . When I watch a variety of people using loopers as I did at the loopfest, it is really hard for me to not see some people using them as "instruments". ** sure, i understand that, but this also gets into that gray area of perception . . . sorta like what is and isn't music - - we had the definition wars over that about a year and a half ago - - and we've seen the dj is musician yes/no war a few times. yes, exactly. I said that before. If you just record a loop and let it play away without any further interaction from you, then for you loopers are not instruments by my understanding of "instrument". ** i thought that dr. z had an interesting comment on this bit. Maybe they are "effects", maybe they are "recorders", maybe they are "compositional tools", maybe they are "glorified karaoke machines", or maybe they are something else. ** sure. the bottom line (another over-used cliche!) is that people are using them to make music in really cool ways. the interesting thing about them is that they *are* changing the discussion on music and music production/creation. (and you and matthias have had no small part in this, no?) stig <font size="1">Confidentiality Warning: This e-mail contains information intended only for the use of the individual or entity named above. If the reader of this e-mail is not the intended recipient or the employee or agent responsible for delivering it to the intended recipient, any dissemination, publication or copying of this e-mail is strictly prohibited. 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