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Dennis wrote: "Actually, all those trance-inducement practices depend on their mutual abilities to trigger the appropriate brain-wave activity ,,,,,,,, ........... while the "manifestations" appear different (internal vs. external, mental vs. physical, etc.,) those can pretty easily be attributed to the culturally different "set" of the trance-induction situation itself. Musically, or should I say physio-psycho-acoustically, the same things are happening in all of the traditions. ............................... It all comes down to brainwaves. If you can train in on those, you can trigger it. After all, remember what the dormouse said ..." Feed your head, Feed your head. thanks for your insight, Dennis. I respect your knowledge on this subject but my own experience doesn't agree entirely with your conclusions (it's okay to agree to disagree, here, I think and I want to let you know that I respect your research and personal experiences) The only thing I can say is that after having done a tradtional Peyote sweat lodge ritual with completely non-syncopated rhythms and having watched a Haitian Vodun ceremony where people were 'possessed' by the Orishas after the famous 'crack in the universe' polyrhythmic breaks were played that disrupted the trance inducing polyrhythmic drumming of the three drummers, the quality of trance was vastly different in form and energy. I do believe that it's all down to brain rhythms and certain entrainments as you say, but I think there are lots of different mental states that can be achieved by different methods which may differ radically from each other, both in their triggers and in their manifestations. These all are 'altered states'. I am not, however, an expert, and I'd love to learn more about this subject. I"m only working from what I know and the intellectual paradigm that came from the the information theory garnered from studying with Gregory Bateson and, to a lesser extent, John Grinder. It's rather difficult to strap electrodes onto trance participants (unless someone has perveresely accomplished this without my knowledge---do you know more about this, Dennis?) so it would be difficult to really solve this dialectic from a Western scientific pardagimatic approach but I would be flabbergasted if the brain is doing the same to both sets of trancees in this case. What else can you add to this, Dennis? I"m curious to know more about the depth of your knowledge. respectfully Rick PS only one thing really bothers me about your post, I have to admit, though: why on earth did you stop drumming? It seems to be one of the very quickest way to get people to entrain that I know of. Last night I played with the Akron Family (and the DoDos) at an amazing gig where we just played the simplest rhythms in the world and the capacity crowd went ape shit crazy. There was definitely trance action happening. I was aware of it in my self..........in the musicians on the stage and definitely in the crazed dancing crowd by looking in their ectstatic faces. LOL.........................now we have to segue, of course, back to the tediious drummer joke thread that I inadverntently started (with apologies to the whole list). Rick